Use the webpage on a website format for articles from news websites such as CNN and HuffPost these sites do not have associated daily or weekly newspapers. Create a reference to an open educational resources OER page only when the materials are available for download directly i. If you are directed to another website, create a reference to the specific webpage on that website where the materials can be retrieved.
Do not create a reference or in-text citation for a whole website. To mention a website in general, and not any particular information on that site, provide the name of the website in the text and include the URL in parentheses. For example, you might mention that you used a website to create a survey. Keep in mind the following principles when creating references to archival documents and collections: As with any reference, the purpose is to direct readers to the source, despite the fact that only a single copy of the document may be available and readers may have some difficulty actually seeing a copy.
Include as much information as is needed to help locate the item with reasonable ease within the repository. For items from collections with detailed finding aids, the name of the collection may be sufficient; for items from collections without finding aids, more information e.
If several letters are cited from the same collection, list the collection as a reference and provide specific identifying information author, recipient, and date for each letter in the in-text citations see Example 3. Use square brackets to indicate information that does not appear on the document. Use italics for titles of archival documents and collections; if the work does not have a title, provide a description in square brackets without italics. Separate elements of the source e.
End the source with a period. If a publication of limited circulation is available in libraries, the reference may be formatted as usual for published material, without the archival source. Note that private letters vs. Letter from a repository Frank, L. Parenthetical citation: Frank, Narrative citation: Frank Parenthetical citation: Zacharius, Narrative citation: Zacharius Parenthetical citation: Allport, — Narrative citation: Allport — Parenthetical citation: Allport, —, G.
Boring, March 1, Parenthetical citation: Berliner, Narrative citation: Berliner Parenthetical citation: Allport, ca. Parenthetical citation: Smith, Narrative citation: Smith Parenthetical citation: Sparkman, Narrative citation: Sparkman Parenthetical citation: [Photographs of Robert M. Yerkes], ca. Yerkes] ca. Parenthetical citation: U. Census Bureau, Narrative citation: U.
Census Bureau What to include and what to exclude Works Included in a Reference List. Works Excluded From a Reference List There are a few kinds of works that are not included in a reference list.
Personal communications such as emails, phone calls, or text messages are cited in the text only, not in the reference list, because readers cannot retrieve personal communications.
General mentions of whole websites, whole periodicals, and common software and apps in the text do not require in-text citations or reference list entries because the use is broad and the source is familiar.
The source of an epigraph does not usually appear in the reference list unless the work is a scholarly book or journal. For example, if you open the paper with an inspirational quotation by a famous person, the source of the quotation does not appear in the reference list because the quotation is meant to set the stage for the work, not substantiate a key point.
Quotations from research participants in a study you conducted can be presented and discussed in the text but do not need citations or reference list entries. Citations and reference list entries are not necessary because the quotations are part of your original research. This exception is relevant only to authors who are conducting a meta-analysis. A DOI is a unique alphanumeric string that identifies content and provides a persistent link to its location on the internet.
DOIs can be found in database records and the reference lists of published works. A URL specifies the location of digital information on the internet and can be found in the address bar of your internet browser.
URLs in references should link directly to the cited work when possible. For works without DOIs from most academic research databases , do not include a URL or database information in the reference because these works are widely available. The reference should be the same as the reference for a print version of the work. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission.
Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use. The equivalent resource for the older APA 6 style can be found here. Your essay should be typed and double-spaced on standard-sized paper 8. For a professional paper, this includes your paper title and the page number. For a student paper, this only includes the page number. The running head is a shortened version of your paper's title and cannot exceed 50 characters including spacing and punctuation.
It acknowledges that many font choices are legitimate, and it advises writers to check with their publishers, instructors, or institutions for guidance in cases of uncertainty. While the APA Manual does not specify a single font or set of fonts for professional writing, it does recommend a few fonts that are widely available.
These include sans serif fonts such as point Calibri, point Arial, and point Lucida Sans Unicode as well as serif fonts such as point Times New Roman, point Georgia, point Computer Modern. Note: APA 7 provides slightly different directions for formatting the title pages of professional papers e.
The title page should contain the title of the paper, the author's name , and the institutional affiliation. Hi there! I am writing my doctoral dissertation on APA 7th and need to know if the first page of the dissertation i.
Thanks :D! Standard numerals 1, 2, Thank you for the above information - it is very helpful. However, I am still not clear on this requirement from my professor - Include page numbers in the citation.
Does that mean to put the page number in the body of the paper, i. Cindy used the circle chart pg. Page numbers should appear after the author and year in your in-text citation, which is placed directly after the relevant information.
For example: "Cindy used the circle chart Smith, , p. Our full guide to APA in-text citations includes various examples of citations with page numbers. Say goodbye to inaccurate citations! Have a language expert improve your writing. Check your paper for plagiarism in 10 minutes. Do the check. Generate your APA citations for free! APA Citation Generator. This article reflects the APA 7th edition guidelines. Click here for APA 6th edition guidelines. They can help you with: Margins, line spacing, and indentation Font and headings Running head and page numbering And more Learn more.
What font and font size is used in APA format? For example: Times New Roman 12pt. Arial 11pt. Calibri 11pt. Georgia 11pt. How do I cite in APA format? Should I include page numbers on every page? Who uses APA style? Is this article helpful? Raimo Streefkerk Raimo is an expert in explaining plagiarism and citing sources.
He has been writing helpful articles since and is continuously improving Scribbr's Citation Generators. Other students also liked. APA title page cover page The APA title page starts with your paper title, followed by your name, university, course number, instructor, and due date. Start citing with Scribbr! What are these levels 3, 4 and 5 subheadings are?
Hi Zafrina, You can find more information about the different levels of heading in APA Style, including examples, here.
Thank you Eshnaf Reply. Hi Anthony, The template shouldn't be in Spanish. Karen Ryan Danielian April 28, at AM One of my articles' author, refers to other researchers or thoughts by others in the field.
Karen Reply. Hi Karen, To cite the sources mentioned in a source you're reading, the best way is always to find the original source and cite it directly. American Psychological Association.
Publication manual of the American Psychological Association 7th ed. Written and edited by Michele Kirschenbaum and Wendy Ikemoto. Michele Kirschenbaum has been an awesome school librarian since and is an expert in citing sources.
Citation Generator. Choose your source: Website Book Journal More. Keep all of your citations in one safe place Create an account to save all of your citations. What is it? Here is the text description of the in-text citation examples. Here is the text description of the reference examples. Common ways students and scholars accidentally plagiarize Believe it or not, there are instances when you could attempt to include in-text and full references in the appropriate places, but still accidentally plagiarize.
Here are some common mistakes to be aware of: Mistake 1 - Misquoting sources: If you plan to use a direct quote, make sure you copy it exactly as is. Make sure you quote and paraphrase properly in order to prevent accidental plagiarism. Why was this style created? The evolution of this style The guide below is based on APA style 7th edition, which was released in Details on the differences between the 6th and 7th editions is addressed later in this guide.
Date published. To start, simply click on the source type you're citing: Website Books Journal articles YouTube Images Moviews Interview Newspaper Magazines PDF In-text citations An APA in-text citation is included in research projects in three instances: When using a direct quote, paraphrasing information, or simply referring to a piece of information from another source.
In-text citation APA example: According to a study done by Kent and Giles , student teachers who use technology in their lessons tend to continue using technology tools throughout their teaching careers. Structure for two authors Place the authors in the order they appear on the source. Last name Author 1 et al. Agbayani et al. Jackson, a OR Jackson a Writers can even lump dates together. Example: Jackson often studied mammals while in Africa a, b. On the APA reference page, include the same letters in the full references.
Groups and organizations Write out the full name of the group or organization in the first citation and place the abbreviation next to it in brackets.
Example: Obama, ; Monroe et al. Reference list citation components References display the full information for all the citations found in the body of a research project. Some things to keep in mind when it comes to the references: All references sit together on their own page, which is usually the last page s of a paper.
Keep the title in the same font and size as the references. Do not italicize, underline, place the title in quotation marks, or increase the font size. The entire page is double spaced. If the source lacks an author, alphabetize the source by the title ignore A, An, or The All references have a hanging indent, meaning that the second line of text is indented in half an inch. See examples throughout this guide.
Remember, each and every citation in the text of the paper MUST have a full reference displayed in the reference list. The citations in the text provide the reader with a quick glimpse about the sources used, but the references in the reference list provide the reader with all the information needed to seek out the source themselves. Format: Last name, F. Example: Angelou, M.
Doyle, A. Two or more authors When two or more authors work together on a source, write them in the order in which they appear on the source.
Use this format: Last name, F. OR Last name, F. Kent, A. No authors If the source lacks an author, place the title in the first position in the reference Section 9. Examples: Strange case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Roots: The saga of an American family. For articles and chapters in APA referencing, do not italicize the title. Examples: Wake up the nation: Public libraries, policy making, and political discourse.
Example: The Seattle Times. The Citation Machine citation generator will format the title in your citations automatically. Additional information about the title If you feel it would be helpful to include additional information about the source type, include a descriptive noun or two in brackets immediately following the title.
Besides [Film], other common notations include: [Audio podcast] [Brochure] [Letter to the editor] [Television series episode] [Tweet] [Facebook page] [Blog post] [Lecture notes] [PowerPoint presentation] [Video file] If you are using Citation Machine citing tools, additional information about the title is automatically added for you.
Publisher information For books and reports, include the publisher name but not the location see Section 9. Examples: Pearson.
Perseus Books. It is unnecessary to include retrieval dates, unless the source changes often over time like in a Wikipedia article. It is not necessary to include the names of databases If using the Citation Machine APA citation website autocite features, the online publication information will be automatically replaced by the DOI.
Annotated bibliographies: An APA annotated bibliography is a full bibliography that includes a small note for each reference citation. Page formatting Need help with the design and formatting of your paper? Include the list of references on the page after the text. Tables and figures Keep in mind that the order above is the recommendation for papers being submitted for peer review.
Running heads In older editions of APA, running heads were required for all papers. Student paper: No running head Professional paper: Include a running head The running head displays the title of the paper and the page number on all pages of the paper. Use the header feature in your word processor. Both Google Docs and Word have these features available. Use one for the recommended fonts mentioned under "Page formatting.
If this is a student paper, do not include one. Abstracts An abstract briefly but thoroughly summarizes dissertation contents. Here are a few tips: Be factual and keep your opinions out.
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